Pakistan Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Research

Home Pakistan Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Research 02

1) "A COMPARISON OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF PESHAWAR ON CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT DIMENSIONS"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 01-09

Authors:   Lubna Nazneen[1], Summiya Ahmad[2], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.93

Abstract

Present research was a comparative study of government and private schools of Peshawar on psychosocial aspects of classroom environment. Data was collected from 250 subjects including 136 boys and 114 girls, having age range of 13-14 years. A cross sectional survey research design was used. Sample was chosen from two private and two government schools of Peshawar, using cluster sampling technique. The classroom environment questionnaire, What Is Happening In This Class? (Fraser, McRobbie & Fisher, 1996) was administered to collect data from the subjects. Significant differences were observed between government and private schools of Peshawar on psychosocial, classroom environment dimensions of Investigation, task orientation and level of cooperation among students. Government school students showed gender differences in the areas of teacher's support and cooperation whereas private schools showed gender differences in the areas of students' cohesiveness, Involvement in classroom activities, investigation, task orientation and equity.

2) "NEXUS BETWEEN FAMILY, DRUG ABUSE & ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCES FROM SELECTED UNIVERSITIES IN DISTRICT MARDAN"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 11-33

Authors:   Farooq Shah Shah[1], Muhammad Kaleem[2], Akhtar Ali[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.92

Abstract

The study aims to investigate the role of family such as lack of parental supervision, lack of connection with children, multiple mothering and single parent in student's drug abuse and its effects on their academic performance in District Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population of the study comprised of 375 students of University of Engineering & Technology Mardan and Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan. Sample size was drawn with the help of Sekaran's Magic table. Quota sampling technique was used for distribution of sample size among the selected categories of respondents. The Problem- behavior theory presented by Richard Jessor in 1960s for alcohol abuse and other problem behaviors among students is adopted as a theoretical framework for this study. The primary data was collected with the help of a three point likert scale, close ended structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed and presented at bi-variate levels using Chi-Square test in order to determine relationship between dependent and independent variables. Among the linked factors: drug abusing parents, high socioeconomic status of family, broken family structure, multiple mothering in early age, single parents, lack of family supervision, lack of familial support and lack of family interest in children's decisions were significantly associated with student's drug abuse and had a harmful effect on their academic performance. Parents should take keen interest in the activities of their children'swhich will be having fruitful outcomes for children's. Parents should also monitor the routine activities of their children's which will result in prevention of deviant behaviors among students. Henceforth,close communication among parents and children's is required to identify and resolve issues pertaining to social life as a result children's will feel home which will prevent them from drug abuse and other se

3) "EFFECTS OF TEACHING VOCABULARY AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL THROUGH THE ECLECTIC APPROACH"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 35-49

Authors:   Najeeb Ullah[1], Irfan Ullah[2], Muhammad Kaleem[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.88

Abstract

Vocabulary acquisition is vital to language learning. Vocabulary learning and grammar; vocabulary learning and communications skills; vocabulary learning and comprehension and retention are inseparably unified.A single teaching technique cannot meet the diverse, multifaceted, multilayered and multiplied needs of the learners. So, there is a need for a rich and varied diet. Thus, the current study intended to measure the effect of teaching vocabulary at elementary level through eclectic approach in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The keypurposes of the study were: to look into the influence of Eclectic Approach on vocabulary building;to delve theconsequence of Eclectic Approach on pronunciation; andto delve the consequence of the Eclectic Approach on students' retention level.Three teaching techniques: Mother-tongue Equivalence; Repeat-after-me; and Gestures and Mimes were used for teaching vocabulary. The sample of the study consisted of 56schoolboys studying English in eighth Grade at Govt. High School, Timergara, KPK, Pakistan. Pre-test post-test equivalent group design was chosen for the conduction of this research. For formation of two groups, pair random sampling technique was applied. The group under investigation was subjected to the treatment of the Eclectic Approach, while in contrast the control group was taught through conventional lecture method. For the collection of data, teacher-made pretest, posttest and retention test were used. Independent samplet-test was used to analyze the collected data.Thestudy findingsexpounded that the Eclectic Approach of teaching proved far and much better than the traditional approaches for teaching vocabulary. Thus, for effective and productive teaching of vocabulary at all levels of education, the Eclectic Approach of teaching is recommended.

4) "SUICIDES IN THE PRINT MEDIA: ANALYZING THE NEWSPAPERS??" REPORTING PRACTICES OF SUICIDES IN PAKISTAN"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 51-66

Authors:   Sana Ali[1], Ayesha Qamar[2], Samia Manzoor[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.91

Abstract

Evidence suggests that suicide is a highly prevalent health concern and one of the leading causes of mortality. Every year thousands of people die of suicides, which is briskly increasing, especially in South Asia. Previous studies directly attribute suicide behavior tonews media portrayals of the relevant incidents. Nonetheless, people having psychological problems are comparatively more vulnerable to imitating self-harming behavior. In this regard, Pakistan and other countries have also developed ethical guidelines concerning news media reporting to counteract an increased suicide contagion. The current study also aims to examine the newspapers' reporting of suicide incidents under theSocial Responsibility Theory of Press. The researcher conducted a direct content analysis of n= 3 newspapers (national dailies) and carefully analyzed their reporting patterns. Results indicated clear violations of all the designated reporting guidelines. Moreover, mentioning the single reason behind self-harming behavior was the most frequently repeated violation. The researchers concluded that these violations can cause a rapid imitation of selfdestructive behavior especially among the mentally vulnerable individuals. Thus, newspapers should obligate the designated ethical guideline to keep people safe from imitating the self-harming behavior

5) "DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISM IN PAKISTAN: AN ANALYSIS OF COUNCIL OF COMMON INTEREST AFTER 18TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 67-83

Authors:   Irfan Khan[1], Bakhtiar Khan[2], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.20

Abstract

While introducing structural changes, the 18thconstitutional amendment is a step toward participatory federalism. The said constitutional amendment revived the spirit of the original 1973 federal constitution and went a step further to scrap the concurrent legislative list, it devolved 17th ministries to the provinces and activated the dispute resolution mechanism. In the post 18th amendment era, the Council of Common Interest emerged as the highest national planning and coordination institution. The said refined council has been provided for 18th subjects of combined management of shared responsibilities, enumerated in the federal legislative list Part II. Its structure and functions have been vitalized and its ambit has been increased. To harmonize the center-provincial relations the 1956 constitution provides Inter Provincial Council, the 1962 constitution ignored it all together. However, the provision and refinement of the Council of Common interest under the 1973 constitution in 2010 was a "progressive leaf forward" to ensure provincial autonomy and to resolve the lingering issues. This article is an effort to analyze the performance of the dispute resolution after 18th amendment that how far it has been successful in its aims and objectives.

6) "EFFECTS OF CONSTITUENT DERIVATIVES OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL ON PHARMACEUTICAL DISTRIBUTION SMES PERFORMANCE"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 85-100

Authors:   Dr. Muhammad Wasim Jan Khan[1], Dr. Haseeb Ur Rahman[2], Samina Khanum[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.86

Abstract

Intellectual capital is related to as well documented knowledge (e.g. drawings, manuals, models, etc.) as intangible resources such as traditions, experiences, conscious knowledge, unconscious knowledge and tacit knowledge. Literature emphasize firms that to get competitive advantages; they must give much focus to their knowledge assets known as intellectual capital (IC). However, the literature gives limited information on relative importance of different key/constituent components/ingredients of IC. Further, published empirical studies results are from the western world while in-depth explorations from the developing world/countries are lacking. Therefore, this study presents key components/ingredients of intellectual capital found in pharmaceutical SMEs in Pakistan. The data was collected from 225 registered distribution pharmaceutical SMEs operating/working in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The empirical analysis showed that human and spiritual capital was regarded to have significantly positive effects and that customer, structural, social and technological capitals showed to have low effects in this industrial sector, which was an astonishing result. Some explanations of that are given in the paper.

7) "LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL COVERAGE TO STREET CHILDREN IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 101-114

Authors:   Adnan Ashraf[1], Basharat Hussain[2], Faseeh Ullah[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.27

Abstract

The numbers of street children are estimated to be 1.5 million in Pakistan. Being an urban phenomenon, the pool is increasing day by day and simultaneously increases manifold vulnerabilities to violence, abuse, exploitation, etc. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has established legal and institutional structure to respond towards street children. However, the effective use of these institutions is yet to be made. There is a dearth of information on the subject; this study was conducted to evaluate the perception of Child Protection Experts regarding protection, welfare and rehabilitation system for street children in Peshawar. A Qualitative study using a structured interview format with predefined themes was conducted in 20 Child Protection Experts (KPCWC, CPUs, UNICEF, Social Welfare, Zamung Kor, Dost Welfare Foundation and SPARC). This study is based on Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory focuses on the quality and context of the child's environment. Most of the experts explained that legislative framework is present to protect the street children rights; however, there are several legal and Institutional loopholes and a need of strong political and government determination to respond to the subject of street children by strengthening the legal and institutional framework that require government commitment to respond in a sustainable manner rather than Adhoc basis.

8) "TEACHERS??" PREPAREDNESS ABOUT INFUSION OF SOCIAL SKILLS AMONG SECONDARY LEVEL STUDENTS: A CASE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF DISTRICT LASBELA"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 115-133

Authors:   Shahzad Haider[1], Prof Dr Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel[2], Mahmood Ahmed Dool[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.36

Abstract

The present study evaluates teacher's preparedness towards infusion of social skills among students at secondary level in District Lasbela. The study was carried out by using Qualitative research methodology. Within this framework, descriptive survey research methods are used. A total of 38 secondary school teachers (28 males and 10 females) using criterion sampling were approached to collect data. Open Ended questionnaire containing 2 questions was distributed among the participants. Analysis and findings of the study showed that teachers are aware of the importance of infusion of social skills among students and for the purpose of infusing these skills, they use a variety of strategies and methods in their classrooms such as role modelling, co-curricular activities, storytelling etc. This study suggested that for development of social skills of the students, school should create a supporting environment by conducting co-curricular activities on regular basis. Institutions should organize motivational lectures to facilitate students to develop their social skills. Teachers should act exemplary to infuse these skills among students.

9) "MAPPING FEAR OF CRIME THROUGH A SOCIAL NETWORK MODEL IN MARDAN, PAKISTAN"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 135-150

Authors:   Syed Rashid Ali[1], Nizar Ahmad[2], Adnan Ali Khan[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.108

Abstract

The present study analyzes fear of crime through social network model. The social network model is delimited to three dimensions i.e., private social network (PrSN), parochial social network (PaSN), and public social network (PbSN). The association and contribution of each of the dimension is estimated through binary logistic regression. Data for the study is collected from 298 out of 1186 employees and students of the Main Campus of Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Findings of the study show that the three dimensions are inversely related to the fear of crime. It means that improvement in private, parochial, and public social networks reduces fear of crime. Further, it is observed that private and public social networks are contributing more than parochial social network in reducing fear of crime in Pakhtun society of district Mardan. Thus, it is inferred that social networks through the development of a sense of empowerment among the members decrease fear of crime. Stronger social networks act as a social control mechanism and reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of deviant, and/or criminal behavior in a society.

10) "IMPACT OF PARENTING STYLES ON PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF PESHAWAR"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 151-166

Authors:   Saima Parwez[1], Sabeen Raheem[2], Aiman Hussain[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.59

Abstract

The current study investigated the gender differences in Pro-social Behavior and focused on the relationship between helping behavior and life satisfaction of the students. This study was also aimed to explore the dominant parenting style of parents and its influence on the helping behavior of their children. A sample of 100 students (50 males and 50 females) were selected from different universities of Peshawar. The Helping Attitude Scale, (Nickell, 1998) Scale of Parenting Styles (2014) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (1985) were administered to the participants to measure all the variables. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by Product Moment Correlation and t-test in SPSS. The results revealed that male students scored higher on the helping attitude scale as compared to the female students and there was a significant correlation between the Prosocial behavior and life satisfaction whereas there was no significant difference between parenting style on prosocial behavior of the students.

11) "REMOVING RETICENCE LEADING TO TRANSFORMATION IN NEGATIVE PERCEPTION THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 167-182

Authors:   Mumtaz Muhammad Khan[1], Asma Tahir[2], Muhammad Tahir Khan[3], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.38

Abstract

The high demand in salesforce could not generate business students' shift towards this profession despite prevailing global unemployment. Removing students' reticence about sales careers can help motivate them to espouse sales careers, meet this demand-driven profession's challenges, and help eradicate unemployment. This study examines the impact of roleplaying and guest speaker expert presentation through experimental research design by using a randomized trial method in changing students' negative perceptions about a sales career with the intent to pursue it. This study used the t-test analysis that depicted the students' perception regarding sales career and the regression analysis that elucidate a direct impact of student' perception on their intent to pursue a sales career. The results show that role-play and presentation by guest speaker interventions significantly impact the changing students' negative perceptions about sales careers. The regression analysis shows that all sales perception subscales directly impact students' intent to pursue a sales career. The study is useful for policymakers, sales experts, researchers, and practitioners.

12) "OMANIZATION POLICIES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 183-195

Authors:   Siham Said Sultan Al Hinai Said Sultan Al Hinai[1], Kausar Yasmeen[2], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.124

Abstract

This study mainly focuses on influence of system and policies on businesses in Oman. The study explores the strength, weakness, opportunities and challenges of entrepreneurship initiatives. This project strategizes plan and solution thereof to improve Omanization program, entrepreneurship, local worker's commitment and skill. To achieve the objectives, qualitative method is used. In qualitative method, convenient sampling and semi-structured questionnaire were implemented to conduct interview and finally content analysis and thematic analysis was applied. The finding reveals that lack of related business experience, education, knowledge (formal and informal education and tacit knowledge), traditional thinking of bureaucrats in ministries, lengthy procedure to start business and omanization policies and business network are the key factors that hinder entrepreneurial initiatives. Wage policies and employee quota or ratio are also discouraging individuals to take entrepreneurial initiative. Entrepreneurial and business education is given in English medium instead Arabic that also cause of low level of understanding to theoretical knowledge of entrepreneurship in Oman. There is need to Replace Centralized system with Distributed System in Oman for businesses to increase entrepreneur businesses as because of lengthy procedure and centralize system many individuals give up to take initiate of business. Wages to labour should be paid on equilibrium level (WL=SL = DL) for economic prosperity in the long run. Current study contributes socially, economically and politically.

13) "CHINA??"S EXPECTED FOREIGN POLICY AND ITS WORLD IMPACT"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 197-210

Authors:   Sahibzada Muhammad Usman[1], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.110

Abstract

This article discusses the foreign policy projection and the global influence of China. In the past few decades, China has been one of the biggest forces on the planet, from being an impoverished country disconnected from the global community. It is important to understand what drives Chinese foreign policy and how strong China will be in the future. Like several leaders before him, President Xi Jinping has stepped up commitments to expand China's global footprint by economic and political means. Many policy-makers argue that China's growth is imminent. It is clear from the extension of the military, social, economic, and diplomatic networks that China wants to improve its international community role. This review would analyze China's different policies to outline its development goals. Moreover, different scenarios are discussed to assume what Chinese future foreign policy priorities could entail for regional and worldwide players.

14) "CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN PAKISTAN AND UNITED STATES RELATIONS (2008-2019)"

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. 211-220

Authors:   Saima Parveen[1], Syed Akhtar Ali Shah[2], DOI: https://doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.v3i2.135

Abstract

The ambit of Pakistan's relationship with the United States is based on convergence as well as divergence of interests, whereby the United States kept intense engagement followed by periods of utter indifference. Most of the times mutual mistrust and suspicions makeshift the policy parameters to the strategic impasse. Considering the trends of the relations, the US policy revolves around the struggle for global hegemony with policy parameters of off-shore balancing and buck-passing, and Pakistan is mainly focused on security imperatives. This piece of research investigates that what are grounds of conflicts between Pakistan and the United States relations? The study is conducted by explanatory and analytical approaches. Data sources are both primary and secondary where for primary source data was collected through Interviews with ministry of defence and foreign office. The United States and Pakistan relations remained uneasy due to mistrust and accusations and the US preference to India in the region in general and in Afghanistan in particular and the China's growing influence in the region. The need is to understand Pakistan's security concerns, an acknowledgment of the contribution to the war against terror and above all to revive cooperation for regional peace and prosperity.

Volume No. 03

Issue No. 02